John Dewey, 1859-1952: Educator and 'America's Philosopher'

    这里是VOA特别英语教育报道。

    这里有来自中国的一个问题。冯天强说,想知道关于约翰·杜威的情况。

    约翰·杜威是一位有影响力的思想家和教育家。纽约时报曾经称他为“美国哲学家”。

    Larry Hickman是南伊利诺大学(Southern Illinois University)卡本戴尔分校杜威研究所(Center for Dewey Studies)的主任。对于该问题来自中国,他一点都不感到惊讶。

    Larry Hickman:“我12月份刚在北京参加了为期两周的会议回来。我跟中国同事谈到了杜威的思想和孔子的思想的紧密练习。我还与一些喜欢杜威的工作的佛教组织一起工作。因为大乘佛教的一些思想非常舒服。”

    杜威曾在“民主和教育”,“学校和社会”“我们怎样思考”等书中描述了他的思想。

    Larry Hickman:“杜威或许是20世纪最知名的哲学家,教育家和公共知识分子。他在许多领域都非常活跃,包括教育,哲学,心理学,人文主义和人道主义事务。他对于美国大学教授协会和美国民权同盟的建立有着非常重要的作用。”

    他还对全国有色人种促进协会的建立起到非常重要的影响作用,尽管他本人是白人。

    约翰·杜威于1859年出生在佛蒙特的伯林顿,深受查尔斯·达尔文科学作品的影响。他还受到Jane Addams与移民英语学者在芝加哥完成的作品的影响。Jane Addams是一位社会工作者,也是第一位获得诺贝尔和平奖的美国女性。杜威还通过观察自己的孩子受到影响。

    他在芝加哥大学建立了实验学校。化学课程设有实验室。为什么没有一个地方用来进行教育实验呢?但是杜威并不赞同美国教育现行的许多做法,比如标准测验的广泛施行。

    LARRY HICKMAN:“杜威认为,测验有一定的作用,但是测验更应该像是医疗检查,也就是说,应该根据个人需求,兴趣和能力来进行测验,而且不要拿学生来相互对比。就像杜威说的,一个学生与另一个学生能力的关系不关老师的事。”

    约翰·杜威于1952年去世。但是杜威学者Larry Hickman说,许多教育学校都在传授杜威的理念。

    实际上,去年是杜威诞辰150周年纪念日,所以,对于杜威研究所来说,这是非常繁忙的一年。不仅美国举行了大量庆祝活动,北京,克罗地亚,意大利和波兰的学校也进行了庆祝。

    1.influential adj.有很大影响的,有权势的,有支配力的

    例句:He is a very influential man in the government.
          他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

          The fact is influential in reaching a decision.
          这一因素对做出决定是有影响的。

    2.philosopher n.哲学家,哲人,思想家

    例句:The philosopher looked on ahead to the wants of posterity.
          这位哲学家展望将来后世的需求。

    3.intellectual n.有知识者,知识分子,凭理智做事者

    例句:Tom is an intellectual and can always can work out the best method to solve the mathematic problems.
          汤姆喜欢动脑子,总能找到数学题的最好解答方法。

    4.immigrant n.移民,侨民

    例句:He is descended lineally from an immigrant.
          他是一位移民的直系后裔。

    5.individual n.个人,个体;人

    例句:The clinic tailors its treatment to individual needs.
          那个诊所的治疗方法适合个别需要。

    1.That is, they should be testing for individual needs, interests, abilities, and not to compare one student to another.

    compare with 和 compare to

    compare to 和 compare with英语在使用当中可以对于我们而言相差不大,但其实意思上区别很大。这里涉及到语言的使用习惯、感知能力

    1)compare…with意为“把……与……相比”,侧重指两者间的区别。

    如:Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them.
    把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较,你就会发现它们之间的区别。

    2)compare…to…意为“把……比作……”,着重注意两者间的相似点。

    如:
    This song compares our country to a big family.这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。

    3)compare既可以单独用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时,以compare with…形式出现,表示“与……相比”。

    如:
    Living here can't compare with living in Shanghai.在这儿生活不能和在上海(生活)相比。

    If you compare the two words, you can tell the difference between them.
    如果你比较这两个单词,你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。

    4)compared with…和compared to…都可用作状语,意义基本相同,可互换。如:

    Compared to/with him, you are lucky.       与他相比,你是幸运的。
    It was a small town then, compared to/with what it is now.  和现在比起来,那时它还是个小镇。

    2.As Dewey put it, the relation of the abilities of one student to another is none of the teacher's business.

    none of the teacher's business,none of sb's business,与……无关,不关……的事,如果有人问你一个问题,而你又不想回答他,可以说:It's none of your business.

    3.Celebrations took place not only in the United States, but also at two universities in Beijing and in Croatia, Italy and Poland.

    not only but also用法:

    1. not only … but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。例如:
      Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. (连接两个主语)
      I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. (连接两个谓语动词)
      He plays not only the piano but also the violin. (连接两个宾语)
      They speak English not only in class but also in the dormitory. (连接两个地点状语)
      注 1 : She not only sings well but also dances beautifully. = She doesn't only sing well but also dances beautifully.
      注 2 :句子 He not only plays the piano but also the violin 不是好的文体,因为 but also 之后的成分与 not only 之后的成分不对称。
      2. not only … but also 连接两个分句,并且 not only 位于句首时,第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。例如:
      Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat.
      Not only did he speak English correctly, but also he speaks it fluently.
      Not only is this young man clever but also he is hardworking.
      3. not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。例如:
      误: They don't fear not only hardship but also death.
      正: They fear neither hardship nor death.
      正: They don't fear either hardship or death.
      4. not only … but also 连接两个主语时,谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如:
      Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.
      5. not only … but also 中的 not only 不能分开使用,但 but also 却可以分开使用。例如:
      The area was not only hit by an unexpected heavy rain, but some bridges were also washed away.
      6. not only … but also 连接两个并列成分时,可以省略 but 或 also ,也可以把 but also 都省略掉。例如:
      I not only heard it but ( also ) saw it.
      He was not only compelled to stay at home, ( but ) also forbidden to see his friend.
      She not only finished the task ahead of time, ( but also ) she came to help us.
      7. 也可用 but … too / as well 替代 not only … but also 中的 but also .例如:
      She not only sang well but danced gracefully too ( or as well )
      8. 也可以用 besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition 等替代 not only … but also 中的 but also .例如:
      Not only was there no food, but also (或 furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition ) there was no water.
      9. 也可用 merely, just, simply 等替代 not only … but also 中的 only .例如:
      They not merely ( or just, simply ) broke into his office and stole his books but also tore up his manuscripts.
      10. not only A but also B = B as well as A, 但前者的强调重点在 B ;后者的强调重点也在 B .(汉译时,要先译 as well as 后面的词)例如:
      The child is not only healthy but also lively. ( = The child is lively as well as healthy. )这孩子既健康又活泼。
      It concerns not only me but also you. ( = It concerns you as well as me. )
      这件事不但与我有关,而且也与你有关。