战后乌克兰农业需要数年时间恢复

    Food prices around the world increased when Russia invaded Ukraine last year partly because Ukraine is a big grain exporter.
    去年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰之际,世界各地的粮食价格普遍上涨,部分原因是因为乌克兰是粮食出口大国。

    Ukrainian farmers left their fields to either fight in the war or go to safer places. In many places, food production stopped.
    乌克兰农民抛弃了土地,他们要么打仗,要么去到更安全的地方。许多地方的粮食生产都停止了。

    Before the war, Ukraine was the fourth-largest corn exporter and fifth largest wheat exporter. Much of the grain went to poor countries in Africa and the Middle East.
    乌克兰战前是第四大玉米出口国和第五大小麦出口国。大部分粮食流向了非洲和中东的贫穷国家。

    But grain production will take years to get back to normal once the war ends. Experts say it might take decades.
    但是一旦战争结束,粮食生产需要数年时间才能恢复。专家表示,这个过程可能需要数十年。

    Soil recovery question
    土壤恢复问题

    More than 20 experts told the Reuters news agency that it would take years to fix the damage to the place once called "Europe's breadbasket."
    超过20名专家对路透社表示,修复这个曾被称为欧洲粮仓的地方需要数年时间。

    Andrii Povod is one of the Ukrainian farmers who stopped working when the war started. When the army recaptured Kherson in November, he returned to his land. He found everything in ruins.
    安德烈·波沃德是战争伊始停工的乌克兰农民之一。当乌克兰军队于去年11月夺回赫尔松时,他回到了自己的土地。他发现一切成了废墟。

    Two tractors were gone. Most of the wheat was missing. All 11 buildings used to store crops and machinery were destroyed.
    两辆拖拉机被开走了。大部分小麦没了。用于储存农作物和机器的11栋建筑全部被毁。

    "For our region, it's a very big problem. This good soil, we cannot reproduce it," he said.
    他说:“对于我们地区来说,这是一个非常大的问题。这种优质土壤无法再生。”

    Scientists who study soil and agriculture in Ukraine have said at least 10.5 million hectares of farmland has been damaged by the war. That is 25 percent of Ukraine's farmland.
    研究土壤和农业的科学家表示,战争已经破坏了至少1050万公顷的农田。这占到了乌克兰农田的25%。

    Tanks rolling over the land have compressed the soil, the scientists said. Shelling has hurt the small organisms that enrich the soil. And mining, digging and explosions might have destroyed some farmland completely.
    科学家们表示,从土地上驶过的坦克压实了土壤。炮击伤害了肥田的微生物。开采、挖掘、爆炸可能已经完全摧毁了一些农田。

    Mines and lead
    地雷和铅

    Sviatoslav Baliuk is the head of the Ukrainian Soil Institute. He said the war could reduce Ukraine's production by 10 to 20 million tons. Ukraine's agriculture ministry chose not to comment to Reuters about long-term soil damage and harm to the farming.
    斯维亚托斯拉夫·巴里克是乌克兰土壤研究所的负责人。他说,这场战争可能会使乌克兰的产量减少1000万到2000万吨。乌克兰农业部对路透社关于土壤长期破坏以及对农业的危害闭口不谈。

    Beyond the fields and soil, Povod and many other farmers lost equipment and storage buildings that will be costly to replace.
    除了田地和土壤之外,波沃德和其他很多农民失去了设备和储存建筑,更换这些设备和建筑将会耗资巨大。

    Andriy Vadaturskyi is the head one of Ukraine's largest grain producers. He said farmers need financial help.
    安德烈·瓦达图尔斯基是乌克兰最大粮食生产商之一的负责人。他说,农民需要资金帮助。

    Today, he noted, there is a problem of high prices, but there is food ready to ship out of Ukraine's ports on the Black Sea. He said in one year, the situation could be much worse. There could be "a shortage of food."
    他指出,如今存在着高粮价问题,但是乌克兰黑海港口的粮食等着运出。他说,一年后情况可能会更糟,可能会造成食物短缺。

    High cost of recovery
    恢复成本高昂

    A working group of scientists created by the Ukrainian government estimated it would take $15 billion to remove the mines and make the soil healthy again.
    乌克兰政府成立的一个科学家工作小组估计,清除地雷并使土壤恢复健康需要耗资150亿美元。

    Baliuk said it could be done in three years or in 200 years depending on how badly the soil is damaged.
    巴里克说,这可能需要3年或200年时间才能完成,具体取决于土壤受损程度。

    Joseph Hupy studies soil and land at Purdue University in the U.S. state of Indiana. He has written about the effects of war on farmland. He told Reuters that some land in Ukraine might have been changed so much from explosions that it cannot be farmed again.
    约瑟夫·胡皮在美国印第安纳州普渡大学研究土壤和土地。他写到过战争对农田的影响。他对路透社表示,乌克兰的一些土地可能因爆炸而发生了巨大变化,无法再耕种。

    Naomi Rintoul-Hynes studies soil at Canterbury Christ Church University in Britain. She said that the lead from ammunition can contaminate the soil so much that plants grown there can be harmful for humans.
    内奥米· 林图尔·海因斯在英国坎特伯雷基督教堂大学研究土壤。她说,弹药中的铅会污染土壤,因此在这种地方种出来的作物对人类有害。

    Infrastructure damage
    基础设施损坏

    The problems do not end with the soil, mines and other land damage. The war destroyed roads and railways that get crops to market.
    问题不止是土壤、地雷和其它土地损坏。战争摧毁了将农作物推向市场的公路和铁路。

    The Kyiv School of Economics said in October that it might cost more than $35 billion to rebuild roads and other transportation lines.
    基辅经济学院在去年10月表示,重建道路和其它交通路线可能需要超过350亿美元。

    Caitlin Welsh studies food security at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. She said people think once the war is over, food production will restart.
    凯特琳·威尔斯在华盛顿特区的战略与国际研究中心研究粮食安全。她说,人们认为一旦战争结束,粮食生产将重新开始。

    "With Ukraine, just repairing the infrastructure is going to take a really long time," Welsh said.
    威尔斯说:“对乌克兰来说,仅仅修复基础设施就需要很长时间。”。

    In addition, some of the farmers are running out of money. Dmitry Skornyakov, leads HarvEast, a Ukrainian farming company. He said farmers have enough money right now, because they had a good year just before the war started.
    此外,一些农民也花光了积蓄。德米特里·斯科尼亚科夫负责HarvEast,这是一家乌克兰农业公司。他说,农民们现在资金充足,因为他们在战争开始前度过了丰收的一年。

    However, he said, half the farmers will have serious financial problems if the war goes into 2024.
    他说,然而如果战争持续到2024年,一半农民将面临严重的财政问题。

    "The future," he said, "is from grey to dark at the moment."
    他说:“未来是从灰色到黑暗。”

    I'm Dan Friedell.
    我是丹·弗里德尔。(51VOA.COM原创翻译,请勿转载,违者必究!)