This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语经济报道。
Modern microfinance started with economist Muhammad Yunus. In the nineteen seventies, he started what became the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. He and the bank jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize in two thousand six for the idea of offering small loans to the poor to fight poverty.
现代小额信贷由经济学家穆罕默德·尤努斯开创。在20世纪70年代，他开办了后来的孟加拉乡村银行。2006年，因为为穷人提供小额信贷消除贫穷这样一种理念，他和该行共同获得诺贝尔和平奖。
Last month, Mr. Yunus spoke to the New York Times newspaper about lending problems in India. In twenty ten, reports of harmful microlending methods and corruption shook the state of Andhra Pradesh. Mr. Yunus noted Andhra Pradesh had intensive microlending activity at the time. He said things got out of control.
上月，尤努斯先生对纽约时报谈到了印度的贷款问题。在2010年，有关有害小额信贷方式和腐败的报道震惊了安德拉邦。尤努斯先生指出，当时安德拉邦存在着密集的小额信贷活动，事情变得一发不可收拾。
We spoke to Ghiyath Nakshbendi about changes in the world of microfinance. He is an expert in international business and teaches microfinance as a business model at the Kogod School of Business at American University.
我们就小额信贷领域的变化采访了Ghiyath Nakshbendi。他是一位国际贸易专家，在美利坚大学Kogod商学院讲授小额信贷商业模式。
GHIYATH NAKSHBENDI: "After what we witnessed in Andhra Pradesh, then, for example, the government of India in certain states started taking steps in order to implement, in order to introduce, regulations that will guarantee that these institutions are operating under a strict system."
他说，“在我们见证了安德拉邦之后，印度的一些邦政府开始采取步骤执行、引入法规，以保证这些机构在严格体系下运作。”
Some experts have raised questions about whether microlending lifts women or poor families out of poverty. David Roodman is with the Center for Global Development, a research group in Washington. He says microloans do not do a good job of fighting poverty. He says over three billion dollars went into microcredit in twenty-ten. But many lenders failed because of bad supervision or failure to repay loans.
一些专家对小额信贷是否使得妇女或贫苦家庭摆脱贫困提出了质疑。大卫·鲁德曼（David Roodman）就职于全球发展中心，该研究组织位于华盛顿。他说，小额信贷在消除贫困方面表现并不好。他说2010年超过30亿美元进入小额信贷，但许多贷款人因为监管不力或失败而无法偿付贷款。
In one model, governments or nongovernmental organizations, NGOs, give money to microcredit operations. Interest income is often used up by costs, rather than helping other poor borrowers. But Ghiyath Nakshbendi says that model is changing.
在一种模式中，政府或非政府组织向小额信贷业务提供资金。利息收入通常被成本耗尽，而不能用于帮助其它贫困的借款人。但Ghiyath Nakshbendi表示，这一模式正在改变。
GHIYATH NAKSHBENDI: "In the old days, when we talk about microfinance, we are talking about an operation by which the funding is coming from wealthy individuals or government, or what have you. So it is the NGO model. Then we discovered that whatever we are getting in terms of contributions, donations and what have you -- we cannot sustain the operation."
他说，“过去我们说小额信贷指的是资金来自于富人或政府等等的一种运作模式，这是一种非政府模式。我们后来发现，无论我们在捐款捐物等方面如何，我们都无法维持运作。”
Mr. Nakshbendi says sustainability is now a main goal.
Nakshbendi先生表示，可持续发展是现在的主要目标。
GHIYATH NAKSHBENDI: "We moved in the last five, six years to find ways and means by which make these operations sustainable. Sustainable means simply that, ‘Yes, we are going to rely on donations, but in the meantime, we are going to encourage these borrowers to save some of their money.'"
他说，“在过去五、六年我们努力寻找途径使得这些运作可持续发展。可持续发展就是指，‘是的，我们将依赖捐赠，但在此期间，我们将鼓励这些借款人节省一些资金。’”
Money from savings can then be used for new loans. Mr. Nakshbendi says private equity companies are looking closely at microfinance as an investment. New models are being developed to offer more than business loans.
省下来的钱可以用于新的贷款。Nakshbendi先生表示，私募股权投资公司正在密切关注将小额信贷作为一种投资。新模式已经被开发出来，它提供的不仅仅是商业贷款。
GHIYATH NAKSHBENDI: "And now in microfinance we talk about loans to start a business. We are talking about educational loans. We are talking about construction loans. We are talking about health insurance loans and what have you."
Nakshbendi先生说，“现在在小额信贷方面，我们谈的是贷款创业，教育贷款，建设贷款，医保贷款等等。”
(51VOA.COM对本文翻译保留全部权利，未经授权请勿转载，违者必究！)