在俄罗斯和土耳其领导人之间进行会谈之后，两国开始采取步骤改善关系并在叙利亚携手合作。
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Saint Petersburg on Tuesday.
土耳其总统埃尔多安周二在圣彼得堡会见了俄罗斯总统普京。
Putin announced that Russia would begin easing sanctions designed to punish Turkey. The move would include restarting work on energy projects, such as work on Turkey's first nuclear power center and a pipeline from southern Russia to the Black Sea.
普京宣布俄罗斯将开始放松旨在惩罚土耳其的制裁措施。这一举措将包括重启能源项目工作，例如修建土耳其的首座核电站以及一条从俄罗斯南部到黑海的石油管道。
Russian officials said trade with Turkey could return to normal by the end of the year.
俄罗斯官员表示，到今年年底前，俄罗斯与土耳其的贸易可能会恢复正常。
The Hurriyet Daily News reported that the two sides agreed to set up a direct telephone line between their militaries to prevent incidents in Syrian airspace.
《自由日报》报道称，双方同意在两国军方之间设立一条直线电话以防止在叙利亚领空发生事故。
Relations strained by downing of Russian bomber
土耳其击落俄罗斯轰炸机导致关系紧张
In November, Turkey shot down a Russian jet bomber near its border with Syria. Turkish officials accused the airplane of violating Turkish airspace.
去年11月，土耳其在该国靠近叙利亚边境击落了一架俄罗斯喷气式轰炸机。土耳其官方指责该飞机侵犯土耳其领空。
Russia denied the plane had been over Turkey and called the act a planned provocation by supporters of terrorism.
俄罗斯否认该飞机曾进入土耳其领空，并称该举动是恐怖主义支持者有计划的挑衅。
Russian officials answered the Turkish move by ordering economic and diplomatic sanctions on its neighbor. In June, the Turkish president apologized for the incident, and the two sides agreed to hold direct talks.
俄罗斯官方通过经济和外交制裁对土耳其的举动做出了回应。今年6月份，土耳其总统为此次事件道歉，同时双方同意举行直接会谈。
Russia supports the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, while Turkey has supported groups trying to force him from power.
俄罗斯支持叙利亚阿萨德政府，而土耳其支持试图迫使其下台的反对派团体。
The two sides have been fighting in Syria for more than five years. The violence has caused more than 2.5 million refugees from Syria to enter Turkey.
双方在叙利亚已经斗争了5年多时间。暴力事件已经造成超过250万难民进入土耳其。
Russia increased its involvement in the fighting last year by carrying out bombing raids on Syrian rebel targets.
俄罗斯去年通过对叙利亚叛军目标进行轰炸进一步卷入这场斗争。
Cooperation or compromise?
合作还是妥协？
Some observers, however, are questioning how much Turkey and Russia can cooperate. They say the two sides have little common ground in Syria's civil war.
然而一些观察人士质疑土耳其和俄罗斯能够进行多少合作。他们表示，双方在叙利亚内战上很少有共同点。
Military expert Alexander Golts says, "I think until now they have no clear decision because it's clear that their interests are colliding in Syria." Golts currently works as a visiting researcher at Uppsula University in Sweden.
军事专家亚历山大·戈尔茨（Alexander Golts）表示，“我认为到目前为止他们尚没有明确的决定，因为很显然他们在叙利亚的利益存在冲突。”戈尔茨目前是瑞典乌普萨拉大学的客座研究员。
However, the talks between the two presidents could be a sign that Recep Tayyip Erdogan wants compromise on the issue of Syria. The meeting also could show Western allies that the Turkish leader has several options available to him.
然而，两国总统之间的这次会谈可能是埃尔多安希望在叙利亚问题上妥协的迹象。这次会面还能向西方盟国显示这位土耳其领导人有多种选择。
Ishat Saetov directs the Modern Turkey Studies Center in Moscow. He said Erdogan was surprised by the effect Russian economic actions had on Turkey. The "loss of more than 4 million tourists made quite a blow on the economy," he said.
Ishat Saetov 执掌莫斯科的土耳其现代研究中心。他说，俄罗斯对土耳其经济制裁的效果让埃尔多安感到惊讶。他说，“损失四百多万俄罗斯游客对土耳其经济造成了相当大的打击。”
The coup attempt partly changed relations
政变企图部分改变两国关系
Although the two countries disagree about Syria, Russia supported Erdogan after members of Turkey's military attempted to overthrow his government.
尽管两国对叙利亚问题立场不一致，在土耳其军方试图推翻埃尔多安之后，俄罗斯还是支持了埃尔多安。
The United States and European countries have criticized Turkey's reaction to the failed overthrow attempt. The Turkish government has arrested thousands of people, including many reporters.
美国和欧洲国家对土耳其对这次未遂的政变企图的反应提出了批评。土耳其政府已经逮捕了上千人，其中包括多名记者。
Turkey accuses clergyman Fethullah Gulen of plotting the failed coup. Gulen lives in the American state of Pennsylvania. Turkish officials want him extradited to Turkey for trial. The U.S. government has refused to do this without evidence.
土耳其指责法图拉·葛兰（Fethullah Gulen）牧师策划了这次未遂的政变。葛兰居住在美国宾夕法尼亚州。土耳其官方希望将他引渡到土耳其受审。美国政府拒绝在没有证据的情况下这样做。
Turkey is also in disagreement with Europe over payments for accepting Syrian refugees and other migrants. The government wants the European Union to permit visa-free travel for Turkish citizens.
土耳其同欧洲在接收叙利亚难民和其他移民的费用支付上也存在分歧。土耳其政府希望欧盟允许土耳其公民免签证旅游。
"Syria is one of the issues that Erdogan may trade upon," said Saetov. He said Erdogan may be willing to negotiate on the issue.
Saetov表示，“叙利亚是埃尔多安可以利用的问题之一。”他说，埃尔多安可能愿意在这个问题上进行谈判。
Yet Turkish officials say Assad must leave office eventually and that Russia will not take the place of its western allies.
然而土耳其官员表示，阿萨德最终必须下台，而俄罗斯也不会取代其西方盟友的地位。
I'm Mario Ritter.
我是马里奥·李特。
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